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The use of leguminous cover crops during winter may reduce the total N requirements when properly managed.

The application of nutrients in variable-dosages based on vigour maps or soil or plant samples is recommended.

IP growers should be encouraged to reduce the amount of nitrogen whenever possible to minimize leaching (e.g. by observation of the green coloration of the leaves. A dark green colour of the leaves suggests in most cases that the nitrogen fertilization can be reduced).