Sky is not the limit: successful foliar application of soil-borne entomopathogenic nematodes to control foliar caterpillars

Abstract: Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are soil-dwelling biocontrol agents whose
potential for foliar pest management remains underexplored. This study assessed the survival, infectivity, and efficacy of Steinernema feltiae and S. carpocapsae against economically important lepidopteran foliar pests (Tuta absoluta and Spodoptera spp.) when applied to crop foliage. Under controlled and commercial conditions, both species survived on leaves for several days, rapidly infected caterpillars, and achieved pest control comparable to a chemical pesticide. Additionally, S. feltiae responded to herbivore-induced plant volatiles, indicating active host-seeking behavior above ground. These results highlight the potential of soil-borne EPNs as effective foliar biocontrol agents in crop protection.